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Pharmacognosy E-learning aid

***DESIGNED FOR DIPLOMA IN PHARMACY STUDENTS OF phect Nepal SCHOOL OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE, KIRTIPUR, KATHMANDU, NEPAL ***

Please take your time to go through the course Pharmacognosy 

For Notes folder please Click here

 For syllabus of Pharmacgonosy please Click here

Please click on respective units to download them:

unit 1 introduction
unit 2.1 methods of cultivation
unit 2.2 collection storage and drying of crude drugs
unit 3: introduction to parts of plants 
unit 4.1 drug adulteration
unit 4.2 and 3 who guidelines and evaluation of crude drugs
unit 4.4 principles of chromatographic techniques
unit 4.5 microscopic techniques of analysis

unit 5.1 plant analysis

unit 5.2 alkaloids 

unit 5.2 continued glycosides

unit 5.2 continued tannins 

unit 5.2 continued volatile oils

unit 5.2 continued resins

unit 6 stramonium 

unit 6 continued belladona

unit 6 contiuned vasaka 

unit 6 continued vinca

unit 6 continued rauwolfia

unit 6 continued ipecacuanha

unit 6 continued berberis

unit 6 continued ephedra

unit 6 continued ergot

unit 6 continued digitalis

unit 6 continued senna

unit 6 continued chirata

unit 6 continued neem

unit 6 continued liquorice

unit 6 continued rhubarb

unit 6 continued podophyllum

unit 6 continued dioscorea

unit 6 continued sapindus

unit 6 continued clove

unit 6 continued fennel

unit 6 continued ajwain

unit 6 continued lemon grass

unit 6 continued mentha

unit 6 continued eucalyptus

unit 6 continued cardamom

unit 6 continued cinnamon

unit 6 continued ginger

unit 6 continued acorus

unit 6 continued gaultheria

unit 6 continued valeriana

unit 6 continued nardotachys

unit 6 continued picrorhiza

unit 6 continued cannabis

unit 7 pharmaceutical aids 

unit 8 status of medicinal plants in Nepal

If you have any comments or questions, please leave them below or- contact me at +9779860637464 (Viber or Whatsapp) 

 

Additionals:

Advantages and disadvantages of different classification systems 

unit 3 short

Pharmacognosy field trip template and formatiing

Please click  here -https://drive.google.com/open?id=1bwVfR0w85n_zXA7cbaitf38f05gf2Z6t to download the file.

Notes

For plant profile summary Click here.
For note about Thin Layer Chromatography Click here.
For note about Medicinal Plants of Nepal Click here.
For note about Scope of Pharmacognosy Click here.

Experiment 15 Study of extraction process using Soxhlet apparatus

Experiment 15

Study of extraction process using Soxhlet apparatus

Materials required:

Sample, Round buttomed flask, condenser, heating mantle, ethanol, thimble, boiling chips

Theory

Extraction is defined as the process in which the soluble constituents are separated from the insoluble residue by the treatment of suitable solvents or mixture of solvents.

The soxhlet extraction is the process of continuous extraction in which the same solvent is circulated though the extractor several times.

Initially the solvent is evaporated. Its vapor is carried to the condenser and the condensed liquid is returned to the drug (packed in thimble) for continuous extraction.

      Procedure

·         About 5 gm of sample leaves were cut into small pieces and were grinded on mortar and pestle.

·         The thimble was filled with this sample.

·         Ethanol was poured into the round buttomed flask till it is occupied with more than half in volume.

·         3-5 boiling chips (broken porcelain) was added.

·         The round buttomed flask was placed on the heating mantle.

·         Soxhlet extractor was connected with the flask .

·         Condenser was connected to the extractor and the apparatus was stabilized using support stand.

·         The heating mantle and the heat was increased gradually. The solvent was brought only to the vaporization stage but not to a rolling boil.

·         Heat was adjusted to achieve regular flushing.

·         The extraction was allowed till the colorless flushing appeared.

·         Heating was switched off and water flow was stopped once the round buttom flask was cooled down.

·         The extract was collected by evaporating the solvent on the water bath.

Result:

Hence, extraction was carried out using soxhlet apparatus.

Precautions:

·         Heat sensitive, explosive and inflammable substances should not be kept near the apparatus.

·         The apparatus should be disassembled only after the apparatus cools down.

Experiment 14 Study of microscopical features of Mentha

Experiment 14

STUDY OF MICROSCOPICAL FEATURES OF MENTHA

Microscopical Features

• -          Mentha consists of diacytic stomata which are present mostly on the lower side.
• -          Covering trichomes are 3-8 celled uniseriate having pointed apex and longitudinally striated cuticle.
• -          The larger glandular trichome consist of unicellular stalk and glandular head composed  of 8 radiating cells.
• -          Palisade is single layered.

Chemical constituents

• -          Menthol
• -          Menthone
• -          Cineole

Pharmacological action/ Uses

• -          Carminative
• -          Flavoring agent
• -          Stimulant
• -          Rheumatism
• -          Neuralgia
• -          Headache
•       Toothache